What single payer system has wage garnishment?
Most singe payer systems don't have deductibles, so it's a moot point. The deductible part of your system isn't single payer. The rest of it is, and frankly "the rest" is the biggest part, at least from an economic standpoint.
Also, if it is too single-payerish, you can raise the deductibles to $25k per year/$250k lifetime.
That's fine, but the deductible amount is arbitrary, and how it impacts consumer behavior is going to vary sharply from person to person. Furthermore, whether it's $10k or $25k, most people are going to buy private insurance to cover it. It'll be a lot cheaper than it is now because the carriers won't be assuming anywhere near as much risk, but most people aren't going to pay out of pocket.
The conservative part is that people have to spend their own money for the vast majority of expenses (in terms of number).
Like I said before, they won't. They'll buy private insurance. Wealthy and upper-middle class people will self-insure and pay for things themselves. However, people who are poor, lower middle class, or even middle class don't have $10K or $25K in cash just sitting around to spend on health care. Even if they could scrounge it together, they're not going to. Depending on how cheap it is, they may try to buy insurance, but if they can't afford it, they'll wing it. You can garnish their wages if you want, but there are limits on how far you can go with that. $25K is a lot to garnish from somebody who doesn't make very much. If you take too much, they'll quit their jobs and/or file for bankruptcy. If you take too little, the system won't work.
Then only the major health emergencies are covered by government.
It would end up covering more than that. They'd be on the hook for major emergencies but also for all but the cheapest child births and surgeries. $10K or $25K is a lot for people to pay, but it's chump change when it comes to health care expenditures. Basically, the government would end up covering everything beyond the most routine care.
I would admit that it does allow for single payer creep if deductibles are reduced.
Just looking at political realities, I think you'd see the deductible means-tested. IT'll be higher for some than for others.
Just because your system is single payer-oriented, that doesn't mean I dismiss it as garbage, even if most conservatives would. I live in a country with a quasi-single payer system. It's not the panacea that the Left says it is, but it's also not the dumpster fire that the Right says it is. Furthermore, I think we'll eventually have a single payer system or something like one at some point.
Philosophically I don't want single payer. I want a free market system, but accepting risk is inherent to a free market system. In the healthcare context, that means accepting that some won't get the care they need. We're not willing to accept that, which is why we've created a half-assed government system that covers the highest risk and most vulnerable patients (the poor, disabled, and elderly) and coupled it with private third-party payers for the rest of us. Well, that creates all kinds of opportunities to distort the market, create inefficiencies, inflate costs, and generally screw the system up. We tolerate all that because we're not willing to accept risk but also not willing to entrust the government to finance the entire industry, and this effort to have our cake and eat it too has probably cost us trillions of dollars in waste over the decades. Obamacare sucked and mostly made things worse, but when I hear people suggest that we had a free market system before, I have to chuckle. We had a free market system like WWF wrestling is a competitive sporting event. It wasn't free at all and had all kinds of economic and social problems.
Eventually, I think political and economic realities are going to set it, and we'll scrap what we have, which is basically the worst of both worlds. In other words, Obamacare's true goal (a single payer system) will be realized. It'll take time, but it'll be here in less than 20 years. Since we're moving that way anyway and since a free market system is pretty much off the table, your proposal actually isn't that bad. I'd take it over a British NHS-type system.